ืคื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ:

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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”

  • ืžื” ื”ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช?
  • ืžื”ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™?
  • ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช
  • ื’ื•ืจื ืœ
  • ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื
  • ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื?
  • ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
  • ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
  • ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื NTD?
  • ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
  • ืžื ื™ืขืช NTD
  • ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ?

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืžื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ (NTD). ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืžื” ื”ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช?

ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืคื’ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืžื”ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™?

ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื•. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืคื•ืชื—. ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื” ืื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™.

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช

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ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื’ืจื™ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ืœื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ.

  • ืกื•ื’ ืคืชื•ื— ืคื’ื ืขืฆื‘ื™

ื‘ืžืคืฉืขื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื’ ืคืชื•ื—, ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื ืจืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฆื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื. ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื”, ืื ืฆืคืœื•ืฆืœ, ืื™-ืกืคื™ืงื”, ืกื›ื™ื–ื ืกืคืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ืจื ืกืคื ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ืกืคืืœื™ื”.

  1. ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื”

ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชืŸ ื•ืฉืจืคืจืฃ. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกืคื™ื ื” bifida occulta, maningocele ื• Myelomeningocele. ืกืคื™ื ื” bifida occulta ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื”, ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ืžืื ื™ื ื’ื•ืกืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื ื‘ื’ื‘. Myelomeningocele ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ.

2. ืื ื ืฆืคืœื™ื”

ืื ื ืกืคืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื• disorganized. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฆืคืœื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื”.

3. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื›ืคืืœื™

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืœื ื ืกื’ืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืฉืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืœื”, ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื›ืžื• ืื ืฆืคืœื•ืฆืœื”. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืงืคื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืฆืคืœื•ืก, ืื˜ืงืกื™ื”, ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื ืฆืคืœื•ืฆืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”.

4. ืื™- ืกืคื™ืงืช ืœื‘

ื”ืื™ื ืกืจืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื–ื” ื’ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืขื•ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืคื’ื•ื ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.

  • ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ:

ื‘ืžืคืจืงืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ืื• ื’ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ืขืฆื‘ื™, ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ,

  1. Lipomyelomeningocele: ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื•, ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ, tethers ืœืขืฆื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.

2. Lipomeningocele: Lipomeningocele ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.

ื’ื•ืจื ืœ

ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,

  • ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื : ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
  • ื—ืกืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช : ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืื• ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ B, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™. ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™. ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ cytoskeleton, ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ translational. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื translational ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช upto 400 ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจื ืœื™ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื’ืžื™ื ืืœื”. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช NTD ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 70% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  • ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช : ืื ืœืื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืงื‘ืœ NTD. ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™.
  • ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ : ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืื ื”ืžืฆืคื” ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™.
  • ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ : ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืืคื™ืœืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• carbamazepine ื• Valproate ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™.
  • ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ : ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืœืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืชืกืคืง ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื NTD. ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช.

ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืจืื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,

  • ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜, ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”
  • ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
  • ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช
  • ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ NTD ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืคื’ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื?

ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื—ื ืื• ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืคื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื™ืงื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 19 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืกืจื™ืงืช ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืกืš ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 14-20 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). ืจืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ AFP ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ NTD. ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื FAP ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื–ื”, ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉืจ.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื:

  • ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” : ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ NTD ื›ืžื• ืื ืฆืคืœื™ื”, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื.
  • ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ : ืื ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ NTD ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
  • ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืกืคืงื” : ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ NTD, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื ืจืชื™ืงื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช C- ืงื˜ืข.
  • ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ : ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ื˜ืœื™ ืžืชืงื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื•.

ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื” ื•ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœ- NTD ื”ื,

  • ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื•ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืš, ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ื‘ืจืš
  • ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช "S" ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืงืžืช
  • ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
  • ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจืืฉ
  • ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”

ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื NTD?

ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืœื“ ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื NTD, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืœื“ืช ืขื ืคื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื NTD, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื”. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ NTD ื›ืžื• ืื ืฆืคืœื™ื” ืื• ืื™-ืกืคื™ืงื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ,

  • ื ื™ืชื•ื— : ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคืชื•ื—, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื‘ NTD ืกื•ื’ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
  • Shunt ืœื ื™ืงื•ื– ื ื•ื–ืœ: ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ NTD ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืฆืคืœื•ืก, ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ื—. Shont ืงื˜ืŸ (ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืœ) ืžื•ืฉืชืœ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื–ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
  • ืขื–ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื : ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืกืื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
  • ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช : ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื• 'ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืงื˜ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืชืŸ.

ืžื ื™ืขืช NTD

ืื—ื“ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช NTD ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืกืคืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืจืืฉ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื”ื•ื 400 ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจื ืœื™ื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช NTD ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ?

ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื,

  • ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช
  • ืงืžื— ืชื™ืจืก ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืจืก
  • ืื•ืจื– ืœื‘ืŸ
  • ืœื—ื
  • ืคืกื˜ื”

ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ NTD.

ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื

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