ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ืชื•ื›ืŸ:

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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”

  • ืžื”ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจืฆืฃ?
  • ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข?
  • ืื™ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื?
  • ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”?
  • ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ unventventies ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ื ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• unviable. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ โ€‹โ€‹ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘, ืืœื ืœืชืช ืœืš ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.

ืžื”ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจืฆืฃ?

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื 21. ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื Trisomy 21. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, Trisomy 18, ืื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื“ื•ืืจื“ืก, ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืชืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื 18. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘, ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืฆืคืœื™ื” ื•ืกืชื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื”. ืื ื ืกืคืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื—ืกืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื˜ืงืก. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืœื ื ืื›ืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ื— ืื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.

ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข?

ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื” ืขื•ืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื” -11 ืœ -13 ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ:

1. ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“

ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ chromosomal abnormalities ื›ื’ื•ืŸ triploidy. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื ืžื”ืื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื

ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžืฆื‘ ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื’ื–ืข, ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ.

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PAPP-A

PAPP-A ืื• ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืœื–ืžื” A ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ืื ืจืžื•ืช PAPP-A ืฉืœืš ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ Trisomy 18 ืื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื, ื”ืคืœื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืช ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ PAPP-A, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ.

HCG

hCG ืื• ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืžื•ืช hCG ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ Trisomy 18, ืืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืืœื• ืขื ื“ืื•ื ืก. ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ hCG, ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื.

2. ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™

ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื:

ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™

Alpha-Foetoprotein, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื AFP, ืžืกื•ื ืชื– ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื›ืžื•ืช AFP ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื”, ืคื’ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคืชื•ื—. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืชื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ AFP ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ืœื”ื™ืคืš, Downs ื•- Trisomy 18 ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื ืจืžื•ืช AFP ื‘ื“ื ื”ืื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.

HCG

hCG, ืฉื ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืจื ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื‘ื“ืง ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช: ืจืžื•ืช hCG ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ Trisomy 18, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ hCG ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืื•ื ืก.

ื—ื“ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขื”

ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ื’ื Trisomy 18 ืื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ.

ื“ื™ืžืจื™ืง Inhibin ื

ืžืขื›ื‘ ื“ื™ืžืจื™ืง A ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืจืžื•ืชื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขื›ื‘ ื“ื™ืžืจื™ืง (A) ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื™ืฉ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ, ืืš ื›ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื” 18.

ืื™ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื?

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื™ 18 ื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื“ ืชืฉืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคืชื•ื—. ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ 1000 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ Trisomy 18 ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ 7000 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื“ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื“ืื•ืŸ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื’ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืื—ื“.

ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”?

ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช: ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.

1. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™

ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื‘ ื ', ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”. ืื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื ืจืื” ื ืžื•ืš, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ โ€‹โ€‹ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.

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2. ืฉืœื™ืœื™

ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ.

1. ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ?

ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœืš ื ืœืงื—ื•.

2. ืžื” ืื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืฆืฃ ืžืจืื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช?

ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืœ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ืงื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื•ื“ื "ื ืœืœื ืชืื™ื.

3. ืžื” ืื ื”ืงืจื ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืžืจืื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช?

ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

4. ื”ืื ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ?

ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช.

5. ื”ืื ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืื•ืžื™ื?

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืื• ื™ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคื’ืžื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื. ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืกืžืŸ ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ื˜ืจื™ืคืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืจืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกืžืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

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